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Parapsychology is a pseudoscience concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which includes telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims.〔 *Daisie Radner, Michael Radner. (1982). ''Science and Unreason''. Wadsworth. pp. 38-66. ISBN 0-534-01153-5 *Paul Kurtz. ''Is Parapsychology a Science?''. In Kendrick Frazier. (1981). ''Paranormal Borderlands of Science''. Prometheus Books. pp. 5-23. ISBN 0-87975-148-7 "If parapsychologists can convince the skeptics, then they will have satisfied an essential criterion of a genuine science: the ability to replicate hypotheses in any and all laboratories and under standard experimental conditions. Until they can do that, their claims will continue to be held suspect by a large body of scientists." *Mario Bunge. (1987). ''Why Parapsychology Cannot Become a Science''. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 576-577. *Terence Hines. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. pp. 113-150. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 *Michael W. Friedlander. (1998). ''At the Fringes of Science''. Westview Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-8133-2200-6 "Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time." *Massimo Pigliucci, Maarten Boudry. (2013). ''Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem''. University Of Chicago Press p. 158. ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3 "Many observers refer to the field as a "pseudoscience". When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated."〕 Parapsychology research is largely conducted by private institutions in several different countries and funded through private donations,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Koestler Parapsychology Unit )〕〔(Odling-Smee 2007) "The status of paranormal research in the United States is now at an all-time low, after a relative surge of interest in the 1970s. Money continues to pour from philanthropic sources to private institutions, but any chance of credibility depends on ties with universities, and only a trickle of research now persists in university labs."〕 and the subject rarely appears in mainstream science journals. Most papers about parapsychology are published in a small number of niche journals.〔 *(Pigliucci, Boudry 2013) "Parapsychological research almost never appears in mainstream science journals." *(Odling-Smee 2007) "But parapsychologists are still limited to publishing in a small number of niche journals."〕 Parapsychology has been criticised for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.〔Gordon Stein. (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 249. ISBN 1-57392-021-5 "Mainstream science is on the whole very dubious about ESP, and the only way that most scientists will be persuaded is by a demonstration that can be generally reproduced by neutral or even skeptical scientists. This is something that parapsychology has never succeeded in producing."〕 ==Terminology== ''Para'' is from Greek, and means "beside, closely related to, beyond..." The term ''parapsychology'' was coined in or around 1889 by the philosopher Max Dessoir. It was adopted by J.B. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the term ''psychical research'' in order to indicate a significant shift toward experimental methodology and academic discipline. The term originates from the (ギリシア語:παρά) meaning "alongside", and psychology. In parapsychology, psi is the unknown factor in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis experiences that is not explained by known physical or biological mechanisms.〔Harvey J. Irwin, Caroline A. Watt. (2007). ''An Introduction to Parapsychology''. McFarland. p. 6〕〔Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). ''Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins''. Joseph Henry Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0309073097〕 The term is derived from the Greek ψ ''psi,'' 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and the initial letter of the Greek ψυχή ''psyche'', "mind, soul".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Glossary of Psi (Parapsychological) Terms (L-R) )〕 The term was coined by biologist Berthold P. Wiesner, and first used by psychologist Robert Thouless in a 1942 article published in the ''British Journal of Psychology''.〔Thouless, R. H. (1942). "Experiments on paranormal guessing". ''British Journal of Psychology'', ''33'', 15-27.〕 The Parapsychological Association divides psi into two main categories: psi-gamma for extrasensory perception and psi-kappa for psychokinesis.〔 In popular culture, "psi" has become more and more synonymous with special psychic, mental, and "psionic" abilities and powers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parapsychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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